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初中英語名詞用法講與練
初中英語名詞用法講與練
在英語中，名詞的用法十分廣泛，且在歷年中考中，―名詞‖考點熱仍然處于有升無降之趨勢，就近幾年的中考英語試題來看，對名詞考查得較熱的還是―名詞的數(shù)‖、―名詞的格‖、―名詞作主語時和謂語一致關系‖（名詞的其它知識點是必要的基礎），下面結合教材和近年來中考試題，從這三個方面談名詞復習的問題，供學習者體會。
名詞的數(shù)
名詞按其所表示的事物的性質可分為可數(shù)名詞（個體名詞和大多數(shù)集體名詞）和不可數(shù)名詞（物質名詞和抽象名詞）兩種。表示可以計數(shù)的事物的名詞叫可數(shù)名詞，一般有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式；表示不可以計數(shù)的事物的名詞叫不可數(shù)名詞，一般不分單數(shù)和復數(shù)。
1、可數(shù)名詞：個體名詞都是可數(shù)名詞。每個可數(shù)名詞都有其單數(shù)和復數(shù)形式。
①. 單數(shù) 表示"一個"的概念。用名詞的單數(shù)時，名詞前需加 a 或 an。如 a book）、a river、an apple、an orange等。
②. 復數(shù) 表示兩個或兩個以上的物體。如two pens、three days、three cities等。
（1）規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)形式的構成：
①大多數(shù)名詞 在詞尾加-s。（在清輔音后讀[s]，在濁輔音及元音后讀[z]。）
例1：The teacher said we needed to choose three ______ for the school concert.（重慶2006）
A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers (答案：選D)
②以輔音字母 + y 結尾的名詞 把 y 變成 i , 加 -es（讀作[iz] city—cities) ,但專有名詞例外，直接在 y后加-s（讀作[z] Germany—Germanys）。
例2：Many _______? have been built in our city since 1987．
A．factorys B．factories C．factoryes D．factory (答案：選B)
③以 s、x、ch、sh 結尾的名詞 在詞尾加 –es（讀作[iz]）。
例3、How many _______? are there in the room ？ ??
A．boxes B．box C．boxs D．boxxes (答案：選A)
例4、His mother bought two _______? yesterday． ??
A．brushs B．brushse C．brushes D．brush (答案：選B)
④以輔音字母 + o 結尾的名詞 一般直接加 –es(讀作[z]), 某些外來詞例外，加 -s （如 zero, kilo, tobacco 等）；以元音字母 + o 結尾的名詞直接加–s(但讀作[z])。
例5、There are lots of _______?in the basket on the table．
A．tomatos B．tomato C．tomatoss D．tomatoes (答案：選D)
例6、Whose ______? are these？
A．photo B．photoes C．photos D．photoss (答案：選C)
⑤以 f 或 fe 結尾的名詞 有的直接加 –s(讀作[z])；大多數(shù)要將 f 或 fe 變?yōu)?v, 再加-es(讀作[z])；有些詞兩種形式都可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves。
例7：This tree has green ________ throughout the year.
A. leaf B. leafs C. leave D. leaves (答案：選D)
（2）不規(guī)則變化：
①單數(shù)、復數(shù)形式相同 如：deer—deer，sheep—sheep，fish—fish，Chinese—Chinese，people—people。 例8：Look, five _________ are feeding on the hill.
A. sheeps B. sheep C. sheeps D. the sheep (答案：選B)
②改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母 如：foot—feet，man—men ，tooth—teeth，woman—women。
例9：Several ___ are talking under the tree. And their ___ are swimming in the lake.
A. woman; children B. woman; child
C. women; children D. women; child (答案：選C)
③含有man，woman的復合名詞的變化 如：Englishman—Englishmen，policewoman—policewomen, Frenchwoman— Frenchwomem，fisherman—fishermen.
④其他變化 如：child—children ，mouse—mice。
例10：The cat caught two _______? last night．??
A．mouses B．mice C．mouse D．mices (答案：選B)
⑤有些詞只有復數(shù)形式
A.某些由兩個部分構成的物體的名詞。如：trousers等。
B.某些通常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞。如：arms，clothes，goods，stairs等。
二、名詞的格
英語中有些名詞可以加 's來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加 's，復數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加's，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。
例11：—How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? — _________.
A. In five day’s time B. In five days’ time
C. In five days time D. For five days (答案：選B)
2） 若名詞已有復數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。
例12：—He may be back to the country in a few ______. — I hope the day to come!
A. month’s time B. months time C. months’ time D. month time (答案：選C)
3） 凡不能加 's的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
例13：—What do you know about the world’s population? （遼寧2005）
—I know China and India are the countries ______ more than one billion.
A. with a population of B. with populations
C. that have populations of D. which has a population of (答案：選C)
4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
例14：–You needn’t wait for Tom any longer. –He must be having supper at _____.
A. the Tell’s B. the Tells’ C. the Tells D. Tells (答案：選B)
5） 如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。復合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。例如：John's and Mary's rooms（兩間） John and Mary's room（一間）
例15：Yesterday evening we had a lovely praty at ______.
A. Peter and Helen's B. Peter and Helens
C. Peter and Helen D. Peter's and Helen's (答案：選A)
三、名詞作主語和謂語的一致
1、復數(shù)主語須用復數(shù)謂語，單數(shù)主語須用單數(shù)謂語。
例16：A man of words and not of deeds ______ a garden full of weed.
A．like B. likes C. is like D. are like
解析：選C。因主語是A man(單數(shù))，―of words and not of deeds‖是主語的定語。
例17：A number of people in the developed cities______cars of their own.
A. has B. have C. there is D. there are
解析：選B。因主語是people(復數(shù))，a number of(許多)是主語的定語。
2、如果名詞主語是一個抽象概念，一般都用單數(shù)謂語。
例18：Smoking is bad for your health.
例19：―Many years‖ a long time, I don’t know how long .
A. are, they are B. are, it is C. is, they are D. is, it is
解析：例1中，smoking指事，謂語用單數(shù)；例2選D，因為在英語里，表時間、距離等的名詞作主語，和表事件都是抽象概念，其謂語都要用單數(shù)。
3、當主語是and連接的兩個名詞時，在指一樣東西時用單數(shù)謂語，若指兩樣東西時則需用復數(shù)主語。 例20：Talking about something and doing it are two different things.
例21：I want bread and milk instead of bread and butter because bread and butter not sold well before.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
解析：例1中―說‖和―做‖是兩件事；例2中，bread and milk、bread and butter分別是指―牛奶面包‖和―黃油面包‖，and連接的表示一樣東西，在because從句中，主語bread and butter當然是單數(shù)，所以選D。
4、如果名詞主語后面跟有with, together with, as well as, except這類詞引導的短語，謂語仍用單數(shù)，因為這種結構多為修飾語。
例22：Mary with her parents TV in the sitting-room at this time yesterday.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
解析：選C。因為with her parents在此作伴隨狀語，主語(Mary)是單數(shù)。
5、集體名詞作主語的情況：
A. 有些集體名詞可跟單數(shù)謂語，也可跟復數(shù)謂語，視作整體時跟單數(shù)謂語，著重于所包含的成員時，則可跟復數(shù)謂語。
例23：His family lunch at the table now.（have）
例24：His family very poor before.（be）
解析：例1中family指家中成員的活活動，視為復數(shù)，填are having；例2中family指―家‖，視為整體，是單數(shù),填was。
B. 有些集體名詞都指復數(shù)的人或動物，后面都用復數(shù)謂語。
例25：The police are going to question him. 警察審視他。
解析：在英語里，people, police, media(媒體)，bacteria(細菌)，cattle(牛群)等名詞指復數(shù)的人或物。
C．有些集體名詞后面的謂語用單數(shù)或復數(shù)都可以，也有的集體名詞通常只跟單數(shù)謂語。
[練習]
一、用括號中動詞的適當形式填空：
1.One in four people worldwide (be) without good homes.
2.The police (say) the killing of the young man was an accident.
3.Her family (have) been in Los Angeles since the turn of the century.
4.Polities (be) seen as a man’s world, but difficult for women to get on.
5.Broadcast(廣播) news (be) true, but not interesting.
6.The United Nations (have) asked for help from the international community.
二、單項選擇填空：
1.We need some more . Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe
2.What big ____ the tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes
3.Please remember to give the horse some tree______.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave
4.On the table there are five_____.
A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato
5.He gave us_____ on how to keep fit.
A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice
6.When we saw his face, we knew _____ was bad.
A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news
7.He is hungry. Give him ______ to eat.
A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces breads
8.—How many ___have you got on your farm? –I’ve got five.
A. cow B. sheep C. pig D. chicken
9.Some______came to our school for a visit that day.
A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D.Germanies
10.A group of ______will visit the museum tomorrow.
A. Canadian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American
11.Let’s meet at 7:30 outside the gate of______.
A. the People’s Park B. the Peoples’ Park C. the People Park D. People’s Park
12.There are sixty-seven______ in our school.
A. women’s teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher
13.September 10th is ______ in China.
A. Teacher’s Day B. Teachers’ Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day
14.Excuse me, where is the ______ ?
A. men’s room B. mens’ room C. men’s rooms D. men rooms
15.The football under the bed is ______ .
A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily’s and Lucy’s C. Lily’s and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy’s
16.In a few _____ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.
A. year B. years’ C. year’s D. years
17.It’s about _____ walk from my house.
A. ten minute B. ten minutes’ C. ten minute’s D. ten minutes
18.Half _____ telephone calls are made in English.
A. the world B. world C. the world’s D. world’s
19.Miss Smith is a friend of ______ .
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. mother’s of Mary D. Mary mother’s
20.Have you seen Tom’s and John’s ______?
A. pencil-box B. pencil-box C. pencil-box D. pencils-box
[Keys]
一、提示：有些名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實為復數(shù)。1.are 2.say 3.have 提示：有些名詞常以-s形式出現(xiàn)，但實為單數(shù)。4.is 5.is 6.has
二、1—5: CBBCB; 6—10: CCBAC 11—15: ABBAD 16—20: BBCAB
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