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考研英語:語法大全(動(dòng)詞不定式)
動(dòng)詞不定式
意義、形式和特征
1)基本概念和形式動(dòng)詞不定式(infinitive)是一種非限定動(dòng)詞,由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形所構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞不定式有動(dòng)詞的特征,同時(shí)也有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。
2)動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞特征
a)如果動(dòng)詞不定式是及物的,須有賓語。如:
He wants to study Japanese.他想學(xué)習(xí)日語。(動(dòng)詞不定式to study后面有賓語Japanese)
b)動(dòng)詞不定式可以被狀語修飾。如:
The rain continued to fall heavily.雨繼續(xù)下得很大。(動(dòng)詞不定式to fall后面有狀語heavily)
動(dòng)詞不定式加賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語,如上二例中的to study Japanese和to fall heavily.
3)動(dòng)詞不定式的非動(dòng)詞特征
用法動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,所以它在句子中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。
1)主語
To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危險(xiǎn)的。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他談話是一件非常愉快的事。
To die for the people is a glorious death!為人民而死,雖死猶榮。
動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí),往往放在謂語動(dòng)詞的后面,而在句首用引詞“作語法上的主語。上述兩句即可改為:
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
注意也常用“It is+形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式短語”這樣的句型:
It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必須訂一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)這門課程的計(jì)劃。
It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it.小只要你花時(shí)間下功夫,學(xué)好一門外國(guó)語并不難。
It's just impossible to see that and not weep.看見那種情景而不哭是根本不可能的。(注意weep之前省去了to,以免重復(fù))
2)表語
Her wish is to become an astronaut.她的愿望是成為一名宇航員。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我們的計(jì)劃是在兩周內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
His only desire was to be useful to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一個(gè)對(duì)國(guó)家有用的人。
3)賓語有些及物動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。這些動(dòng)詞有want(想要),wish(想望),like(喜歡),decide(決定),help(幫助),pledge(保證),begin(開始),forget(忘記),learn(學(xué)習(xí)),ask(要求)等等。動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語。如:
He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做個(gè)山村教師。
Do you like to watch football matches?你喜歡看足球賽嗎?
Learn to walk before you run.先學(xué)走后學(xué)跑。
We decided to make changes in our plan.我們決定把計(jì)劃做些修改。
動(dòng)詞不定式也可以用來作某些形容詞的賓語。這些形容詞通常只有ready(準(zhǔn)備好,愿意),eager(急于),anxious(急于)等,但為了學(xué)習(xí)上的方便,也可以包括able(能夠),sure(一定),glad(高興),sorry(難過),afraid(怕),free(隨意),pleased(高興),determined(決心),willing(愿意)等。如:
He is sure to succeed.他肯定會(huì)成功。
How do you do? I'm glad to meet you.你好?見到你很高興。
The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.這些男孩子和女孩子渴望學(xué)會(huì)滑冰。
4)定語動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí),須放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如:
He is always the first one to get up.他總是第一個(gè)起床。
I have a few words to say on this question.關(guān)于這個(gè)問題我有幾句話要說。
They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他們正在討論保證高產(chǎn)量的辦法。
After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum,millet and corn.清明節(jié)一過,正是播種高梁、谷子和玉米的時(shí)節(jié)。
5)狀語動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語時(shí),一般放在它所修飾的動(dòng)詞之后。
a)表示目的
He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京學(xué)習(xí)。
He went to Paris to learn French.他去巴黎學(xué)法文。
注一:強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式可變?yōu)閕n order to (為了)或so as to(以便)加動(dòng)詞原形。如:
We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我們經(jīng)常聽廣播,以便加強(qiáng)聽力訓(xùn)練。
In order to learn acupuncture,she practiced on herself every day.為了學(xué)習(xí)針灸,她每天在自己身上試驗(yàn)。(注意in order to可放在句首)
We must have good soil so as to grow roses.種玫瑰花要有好的土壤。
注二:動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明顯突出。如:
To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.要成為好的教師一定要有好的教學(xué)方法。
To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves.為了保衛(wèi)祖國(guó),我們必須自強(qiáng)不息。
注三:注意有些用作句子獨(dú)立成分的習(xí)慣語,如to begin with(首先),to conclude(最后),to be sure(當(dāng)然),to tell you the truth(老實(shí)對(duì)你說)等。
b)表示結(jié)果
My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到親眼看到我的小女兒出生。
A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.幾年后他回到家里,發(fā)現(xiàn)故鄉(xiāng)的面貌大大地改變了。
注一:有時(shí)可以用too……to(太…而不能)結(jié)構(gòu)來表示“結(jié)果辦不到”。如:
He is too young to join the army.他太年輕了,不能參軍。
It was too cold,to go out last night.昨晚太冷,無法出去。
注二:動(dòng)詞不定式和only連用時(shí),常表示未預(yù)料到的結(jié)果。如:
I went to see him only to find him out.我去看他,不料他出去了。
I hurried to the post office,only to find it was closed.我匆忙趕到郵局,不料已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。
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