考研英語(yǔ)的歷年真題長(zhǎng)難句
長(zhǎng)難句是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候一個(gè)不小的難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法,在考研英語(yǔ)中它的作用也很關(guān)鍵。長(zhǎng)難句的掌握程度直接關(guān)系著考生在閱讀理解和翻譯題等題型的得分。下文是考研英語(yǔ)的歷年真題長(zhǎng)難句,歡迎閱讀。
一、It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
describe…with… 用……描述……
articulate 【生義】v. 清楚地表達(dá),描述【熟義】adj. 明晰清楚的
reaction n. 反應(yīng)
grasp v. 理解,領(lǐng)會(huì)(尤指復(fù)雜的事情或觀點(diǎn))
2.句子成分分析:本句為主從復(fù)合句,主干是It is also the reason...。why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明the reason。定語(yǔ)從句中包含了一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when we try to describe music with words。關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞reason, 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。例如:He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 從句引導(dǎo)詞選用關(guān)系副詞why還是關(guān)系代詞that/which,取決于先行詞reason在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑合刃性~reason在從句中作副詞性成分,應(yīng)該用why。例如:Please tell me the reason why he was late.(先行詞reason在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ));先行詞reason在從句中作名詞性成分,應(yīng)該用that/which。例如:Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.(先行詞reason在從句中作主語(yǔ))
3.參考譯文:這也是為什么當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D用語(yǔ)言描述音樂(lè)時(shí),我們只能表達(dá)出自己對(duì)音樂(lè)的感受,而無(wú)法領(lǐng)悟音樂(lè)本身。
二、Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
impel v. 促使,迫使【用法】impel sb to do sth迫使某人做……
statistics board 統(tǒng)計(jì)板
concern n. 憂慮,擔(dān)心;重要的事情 concern about/over/with 對(duì)……關(guān)心
application n. 申請(qǐng)書(shū);應(yīng)用;應(yīng)用程序
2.句子成分分析:本句的主干是...McNutt said...。分詞短語(yǔ)Asked whether...the change作句子的狀語(yǔ)。引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容是said的賓語(yǔ),其主干是The creation of the "statistics board" was motivated...and is part of...。句中的broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research解釋說(shuō)明concerns的內(nèi)容。句中的to increase...we publish解釋說(shuō)明drive的內(nèi)容,其中we publish是一個(gè)省略了that的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾research。作“是……還是……”解時(shí),whether表示一種選擇,其后可以跟介詞短語(yǔ)或不定式短語(yǔ)。作“是否,會(huì)不會(huì)”解時(shí),whether可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,即主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可用it作形式主語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)whether可與if換用。
3.參考譯文:當(dāng)被問(wèn)道是不是某些特殊的文件推動(dòng)了這項(xiàng)變化時(shí),麥克納特回答說(shuō):“統(tǒng)計(jì)審稿編委會(huì)的設(shè)立源于對(duì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和數(shù)據(jù)分析在科學(xué)研究中運(yùn)用情況的普遍擔(dān)憂,也是《科學(xué)》雜志為提升我們所發(fā)表的研究的可復(fù)制性而做出的全面努力的一部分。”
三、They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
invalidate v. 使無(wú)效;證明(信念或解釋)是無(wú)效的
severe v. 非常嚴(yán)重的;困難的
take reasonable measures to 采取合理的措施去……
warrant n. 令狀,許可
pending n. 在等待……之際
2.句子成分分析:本句是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句。and前面的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為T(mén)hey could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections...。when facing severe, urgent circumstances是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,由于face的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致,因此省略主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞,face用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。and之后的句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)為they could take reasonable measures...。to ensure that...pending是目的狀語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的從句作ensure的賓語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略原則是:如果從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致,或從句的主語(yǔ)是it,可省略從句的連接詞、主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞,只保留分詞和其它成分,從而使語(yǔ)言更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。比如時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中的省略、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)中的省略、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略等。例如:The river is clean where (it is) deep.
3.參考譯文:在嚴(yán)重、緊急的情況下,他們還可以忽視第四修正案的保護(hù)。此外,在等待許可令簽發(fā)期間,他們還可以采取合理措施保證手機(jī)里的數(shù)據(jù)不被刪除或篡改。
四、California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
justice n. 司法制度;公正;公正性;justification n. 正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?/p>
refrain from 克制;抑制
sweeping adj. 影響廣泛的
assumption n. 假定,假設(shè);承擔(dān),就任
possession n. 擁有;所有物,財(cái)物;in possession of 擁有……
suspect v. 猜測(cè),懷疑;認(rèn)為(某人)有犯罪嫌疑
【用法】suspect sb of doing sth 懷疑某人做……
2.句子成分分析:本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling...。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾one。在該定語(yǔ)從句中,還有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明the old assumption。在該同位語(yǔ)從句中,主干結(jié)構(gòu)為authorities may search through the possessions of suspects...。被修飾的詞不同:同位語(yǔ)從句一般修飾表示概括意義的抽象名詞,如fact,news,truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt等。定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞則沒(méi)有這樣的限定。從句的作用不同:同位語(yǔ)從句表示同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容,而定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞的限制、說(shuō)明。引導(dǎo)詞不同:what,how,whether等不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但可用于引導(dǎo)同位從句。
3.參考譯文:加利福尼亞州呼吁法官不要做出太籠統(tǒng)的裁定,尤其不要擾亂以前的假設(shè),即在逮捕嫌犯時(shí)當(dāng)局可以搜查其財(cái)產(chǎn)。
五、Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
draw from 從……中得到,從……提取
European n. 歐洲人 adj. 歐洲的;歐洲人的;European Union 歐洲聯(lián)盟,歐盟
Europe n. 歐洲;歐盟;歐洲大陸
extraction n. 取出;提煉;mineral/oil etc extraction 礦物;石油等的開(kāi)采
extract v. 提取,提煉;(從書(shū)中)選取,摘錄;獲取,得到好處
extract sth from sth 從……獲取……
extractor n. 抽取;抽取器
be taken from 來(lái)自;從……摘取
2.句子成分分析:該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是...care was taken...。Though引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,to see...population是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的從句作see的賓語(yǔ)。不定式用作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句首在或句末。一般說(shuō)來(lái),用于句首屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)性用法,即強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的目的。從語(yǔ)法上看,不定式表示目的通常是指發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后的動(dòng)作,也就是說(shuō),若以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),用作目的狀語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)尚未發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。
3.參考譯文:盡管所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象都是從祖籍歐洲的人口中選擇,但是研究人員也花費(fèi)了精力來(lái)確保所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,無(wú)論是朋友還是陌生人,都是來(lái)自同一群體。
六、As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
come to do sth 來(lái)做某事;開(kāi)始做某事
mental health心理健康
available adj. 可用的,可獲得的;有空的;沒(méi)有伴侶的
availability n. 有效性;實(shí)用性
allow sb to do sth 允許某人做某事
slow down 減速,放慢速度 【反義詞組】speed up 加速
2.句子成分分析:該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主干為knowing that...and knowing to trust it allow us...。as指代整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。that mental health is always available為賓語(yǔ)從句作knowing的賓語(yǔ)。knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it其實(shí)是兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ),而后面的allow us...為謂賓部分。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容,意為“正如……,就像……”,從句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。例如:As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history. 注意:as和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句有一定的區(qū)別:as和which都可以指代主句中的一部分內(nèi)容或整句內(nèi)容,有時(shí)可以互換。但是 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前面、中間或者后面,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則只能放在主句后面。
3.參考譯文:你會(huì)慢慢發(fā)現(xiàn),明白心理健康一直在身邊并且堅(jiān)信它,這可以讓我們放慢節(jié)奏、享受當(dāng)下、快樂(lè)地生活。
七、Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
mental adj. 精神健康的;精神狀態(tài)的;思想的
mentally adv. 精神上 mentally ill精神
cure-all 包治百病的良藥
perfectly adv. 完全地,十足地;完美地
perfect adj. 完美的;最佳的,理想的
Direct adj. 直接的≠ indirect ;v. 給(某人)指路;指引
direct ... through... 指引……通過(guò)……
2.句子成分分析:本句主干為:it is perfectly ordinary...。although引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句,在這個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,包含一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要的有although,though,even though,even if等。此外,用when 和while也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“盡管”或“雖然”[舉例說(shuō)明]。例:While I admit his good points, I can see his bad ones. 該句還有一個(gè)很難處理的點(diǎn),through all your difficult decisions. Through表示通過(guò),但是翻譯的時(shí)候不能硬性插入漢語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境應(yīng)當(dāng)隱去其詞義,處理成“在你難以做決定時(shí)”。
3.參考譯文:盡管心理健康是我們生活中的萬(wàn)能藥,但它其實(shí)非常普通,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在你難以做決定時(shí),它一直在指引著你。
八、According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
assess v. 評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)定 = judge
be assessed as sth 被評(píng)價(jià)/判定為;be assessed at sth 估價(jià)……
competence n. 能力,勝任;技能
trustworthiness(trust + worthy) n. 可信度
trustworthy adj. 值得信賴的,可靠的 = dependable
likeability (like + ability)n. 喜歡程度
a tenth of a second 十分之一秒
solely adv. 僅僅,唯一地,獨(dú)一無(wú)二地 = only ;sole a. 唯一的,僅有的
2.句子成分分析:本句為簡(jiǎn)單句,但結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,包含3個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。According to research from Princeton University作整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ),in just a tenth of a second作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),solely based on the way you look作方式狀語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。例1:Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.例2:Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
3.參考譯文:根據(jù)普林斯頓大學(xué)的研究,人們會(huì)在僅僅十分之一秒的時(shí)間內(nèi),僅根據(jù)你的外表去評(píng)判你的能力、可信度以及你受人喜歡的程度。
九、The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and theyd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
loyal adj. 忠實(shí)的,忠誠(chéng)的 ≠ disloyal;be loyal to 對(duì)……忠誠(chéng)
loyalty n. 忠誠(chéng),忠實(shí),忠貞
favor v. 更喜歡;偏向 n. 恩惠;支持,贊同;in favo(u)r of sth 支持,贊許……
sustain v. 保持,維持 = maintain;遭受,經(jīng)受believe in 信任,信賴
2.句子成分分析:本句主干the idea goes...,正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為T(mén)he idea goes (that) the most loyal customers would... and theyd feel like they were... believe in。The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor和theyd feel like they were helping...believe in為and連接的兩個(gè)并列的同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋the idea。在第一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中,they favor是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the product。在第二個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中,like等同于as if,其后緊跟的內(nèi)容為表語(yǔ)從句。在這個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句中,包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句they believe in,修飾something。表語(yǔ)從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語(yǔ)?山颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞有:從屬連詞whether,as,as if / though,連接代詞who,whom,whose以及because,why等。
3.參考譯文:這種想法是,最忠誠(chéng)的顧客仍然愿意買(mǎi)他們喜歡的產(chǎn)品,他們還會(huì)覺(jué)得自己在幫助維持他們信任的產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。
十、“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯及短語(yǔ):
estimate v. 估計(jì),估算;n. 估計(jì),估算;報(bào)價(jià)
eliminate v. 消除,根除;淘汰;消滅
substantial adj. 大量的,多的
concern n. 擔(dān)心的事;憂慮
corporate giving 企業(yè)捐贈(zèng)
results in 導(dǎo)致,造成
bribe v. 賄賂,收買(mǎi);誘哄;
2.句子成分分析
本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,引號(hào)中句子的主干:We estimate...。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作estimate的賓語(yǔ)。在這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中,either eliminating ... or ...結(jié)構(gòu)為主語(yǔ),such as child labour具體舉例說(shuō)明labour-rights concern,results in作謂語(yǔ),fines為賓語(yǔ),that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials作定語(yǔ)從句修飾fines。英語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句一般分為三大類(lèi)型:名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。在整個(gè)復(fù)合句中起名詞作用,充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等的各種從句,統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。具有形容詞功能,在復(fù)合句中做定語(yǔ)的從句被稱(chēng)之為形容詞性從句或定語(yǔ)從句。副詞性從句也稱(chēng)為狀語(yǔ)從句,主要用來(lái)修飾主句或者主句的謂語(yǔ)。
3.參考譯文:
一位研究人員說(shuō):“據(jù)我們估計(jì),或者消除重大的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利方面的問(wèn)題,如雇用童工,或者增加企業(yè)捐贈(zèng)額20%左右,都會(huì)使有賄賂國(guó)外官員情況的企業(yè)所受到的罰金比一般的要低40%!
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