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高中英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)教案
一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的定義：用動(dòng)詞的不同形式來(lái)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間。
二、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的種類(lèi)和形式：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)其時(shí)間和體態(tài)共合成十六種時(shí)態(tài)：下面以動(dòng)詞work為例說(shuō)明各種時(shí)態(tài)的不同形式：
一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在work（s）（am，are.is)am/are/is workinghave（has）worked[have（has）beenworking]過(guò)去worked（was，were）were/was workinghad worked[had been working]將來(lái)will/shall work[will/shall be working][will/shall have worked]will/shallhave been working過(guò)去將來(lái)would/should workwould/should beworkingwould/should haveworkedwould/should have been working
注：上表中黑體字部分為常用八種時(shí)態(tài)，括號(hào)[]內(nèi)的部分為高考需要了解的時(shí)態(tài)。
三、常用八種時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法：
I、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在所存在的狀態(tài)或客觀真理。
He often gets up at six o'clock in the morning.
He is a student，and he hasa lot of books.
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boilsat 100 degrees celsius.
Ⅱ、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：
�、俦硎粳F(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)，多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Ice feels cold.（一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）He has many books.（一般不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）
�、诒硎窘�(jīng)�；蛄�(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。若表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
He teaches English in our school.（表示經(jīng)常）He is teaching English and learning Chinese.（表示現(xiàn)階段）
③現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作或某種感情色彩）The girl is always talking loud in public.
常見(jiàn)狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞有下列四類(lèi)動(dòng)詞：（一般不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）。
�。ˋ）表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，think、mind，wish，agree，mean，need。
�。˙）表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：have，own，exist，lie，remain，seem，appear，belong to，depend on。
�。–）表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete。
�。―）表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look。
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
Ⅲ、一般將來(lái)時(shí)：
�、俦硎疚磥�(lái)某時(shí)或一個(gè)階段將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。（常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如tomorrow、next week等）。
�、诒硎疽环N必然趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
We'll die without air or water.
注：在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。
幾種表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句型及其區(qū)別：
1、be going to與will/shall
�、賐e going to表示現(xiàn)在打算在將來(lái)要做某事，這種打算往往經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall/will 表示未事先考慮過(guò)，即說(shuō)話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。
The size and the price ane OK，so'll take it.（此句中不可用be going to）
�、赽e going to表示根據(jù)某些事實(shí)推斷必然發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Wi則表示一種必然趨向，無(wú)需據(jù)推斷。
Fish will die without water.（必然趨向）The fish is going to die soon.（根據(jù)這條魚(yú)現(xiàn)在的狀況做出的推斷）
�、踒e going to表將來(lái)，不能與條件狀語(yǔ)從句連用；而will則能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine，we'll go fishing.（正確）If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.（錯(cuò)誤）
2、be to do與be going to be to do sth.表按組織的計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。be going to do是按主語(yǔ)自己的計(jì)劃，安排將要做的動(dòng)作。
He is going to Beijing for a visit next week.（他自己打算去）He is to go to Beijing on business next week.（組織讓他去）
3、be about to do.表示“即將，就要”，后面不能接具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。常與when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用：be about to do sth..when.“正要做某事，就在這時(shí)又…"
Autumn harvest is about to start.
I was about to leave when a friend of mine came.
4、少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按時(shí)刻表規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間順序肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The shop closes at 11：00 p.m.every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
5、表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go、come等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)緊迫感。
如：
I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
IV.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：與一般將來(lái)時(shí)對(duì)比，表示以過(guò)去的某時(shí)為準(zhǔn)還沒(méi)有發(fā)生而將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
He said he would come to see you.（在他說(shuō)的時(shí)候還沒(méi)有來(lái)）上述“幾種表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作句型及其區(qū)別”也適應(yīng)于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
V、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：（考核重點(diǎn)）。表示過(guò)去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與表示過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（或有上下文語(yǔ)境暗示）；用于表達(dá)過(guò)去的習(xí)慣；如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
VI.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過(guò)去某時(shí)或某一階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
I was reading a book at 8 yestoday.
It was raining last night.
VII.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
1.表示過(guò)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。
I have ready seen the film.
2.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。（只用于延續(xù)動(dòng)作）常與for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語(yǔ)連用：during/in/over the last（past）few years（months，weeks）、in recent years等。
We have learned 3000 English words since we began to study English.
He has lived in Beijing for 5 years.
注：①在用法2中如有不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，必須改換為延續(xù)動(dòng)詞：
如：表示“他來(lái)這時(shí)已經(jīng)3天了。”
He has been here for three days.不能說(shuō)：He has come here for three days.
come不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，改為be延續(xù)動(dòng)詞
又如：“他參軍已經(jīng)三年了。"不能說(shuō)：He has joined the Amy for three years.
應(yīng)該說(shuō)：He has been an army man for three years.這里join為不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，改為be延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，并根據(jù)意義做相應(yīng)的改動(dòng)：be an army man
�、谙铝芯湫椭谐Ｓ矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
It is（has been）+一段時(shí)間+since從句
This（That/It）is the first（second..）time that+完成時(shí)VIm.過(guò)去完成時(shí)（考核重點(diǎn)）。
①表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如：By the end of last year，we had produced 20，000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
�、诒硎具^(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的另一個(gè)時(shí)間。常與for，since時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
We had already learned English for five years by the end of last year.
幾種表示“過(guò)去的“時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：
1、“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”與“過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)”的區(qū)別：
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)（在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)或某一階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)未完成）It rained last night.（雨在指定時(shí)間last night結(jié)束）It was raining last night.（雨在指時(shí)間last night下著，不知什么時(shí)間停的）如果指定“點(diǎn)時(shí)間”，不延續(xù)動(dòng)詞只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而延續(xù)動(dòng)詞只能用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
He came here at 8 o'clock yesterday.
He was reading a book at 8 o'clock yesterday.
2、“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”與“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的區(qū)別：
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。（有確切的過(guò)去時(shí)間）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：表示過(guò)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。（無(wú)確切的過(guò)去時(shí)間）Ihave seen the film.（不知過(guò)去具體什么時(shí)間看的）I saw the film yesterday.（就是昨天看的）He has been a student.（他現(xiàn)在還是學(xué)生）He was a student last year.（他現(xiàn)在不再是學(xué)生了）
3、“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”與“過(guò)在完成時(shí)”的區(qū)別：
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)或某一階段發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。（指定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成）過(guò)在完成時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。（指定時(shí)間之前完成）I finished the book yesterday.（我昨天看的那本書(shū)，并看完了）I had finished the book by yesterday.（我在昨天之前開(kāi)始看，到昨天才看完）這里關(guān)鍵是必須有介詞by說(shuō)明在“昨天之前”。如有過(guò)去時(shí)間，但無(wú)法說(shuō)明在此之前的決不可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
注：①“時(shí)間名詞+before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞+
ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式。
如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
�、诒硎尽熬�.”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly/Scarcely/No sooner had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+
when/than+一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before，after，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute。引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
After he（had）left the room，the boss came in.
We（had）arrived home before it snowed.
As soon as he（had）arrived in Beijing，he got in touch with his friend.
�、廴绻麖木渲杏幸粋�(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用過(guò)去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
�、苡刹⒘羞B詞but，and等連接，表示幾個(gè)連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或在故事中按時(shí)間順序發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
He bought a watch but lost it.
He came here and then went to see his grandmother.
IX.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且仍然在進(jìn)行著。
The worker has been working in this company ever since he graduated from college.
注：①如說(shuō)話人不十分強(qiáng)調(diào)此動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行，也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
The worker has worked in this company since he graduated from college.
②有時(shí)可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示說(shuō)話帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。
He looks very tired，for he has been painting the house all day.
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