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Whats the World Trade Organization
中國復(fù)關(guān)和入世談判，歷盡艱辛，一波三折。我們過去沒有，現(xiàn)在不會(huì)，將來也不可能為了一個(gè)國際組織的成員資格，而犧牲我們的重大利益。 ——對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部首席談判代表 龍永圖
一、世界貿(mào)易組織ABC：
什么是世界貿(mào)易組織？
What's the World Trade Organization？
答：世界貿(mào)易組織是世界上獨(dú)一無二的處理國家之間貿(mào)易規(guī)則的世界性組織，其核心是世貿(mào)協(xié)議。
The World Trade Organization（WTO）is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements.
其目的有三：
1.使貿(mào)易盡可能的自由流動(dòng)；
2.作為一個(gè)貿(mào)易談判的論壇；
3.爭端解決。
WTO has three main purposes：
1. To help trade flow as freely as possible
2. To serve as a forum for trade negotiations
3. To settle disputes
其原則有五：
1.非歧視；（without discrimination）
2.更自由；（freer）
3.可預(yù)見；（predictable）
4.更具競爭性；（more competitive）
5.更利于欠發(fā)達(dá)國家。 （more beneficial for less developed countries）
WTO的組織結(jié)構(gòu)是怎樣的？
部長級(jí)大會(huì)
Ministerial Conference
總理事會(huì)
General Council
委員會(huì) 貨物貿(mào)易理事會(huì) 與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)理事會(huì) 服務(wù)貿(mào)易理事會(huì)
Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services
關(guān)于：Property Rights
貿(mào)易與環(huán)境，
trade and environment
貿(mào)易與發(fā)展， 等
Trade and Development
諸邊協(xié)議
Plurilaterals
注：總理事會(huì)其實(shí)是"三位一體"，即貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)構(gòu)、爭端解決機(jī)構(gòu)和總理事會(huì)。
GATT和WTO的區(qū)別在哪里？
答：主要區(qū)別在于：
The main differences：
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是臨時(shí)的。從未得到成員立法機(jī)構(gòu)的批準(zhǔn)，也未包括創(chuàng)立一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的條款。
GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in member's parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization.
世界貿(mào)易組織及世貿(mào)協(xié)議是永久性的。作為一個(gè)國際組織，世界貿(mào)易組織由于成員的立法機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)了世貿(mào)協(xié)議，且世貿(mào)協(xié)議本身描述了世貿(mào)的運(yùn)作方式，因而有了很好的法律基礎(chǔ)。
The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function.
世貿(mào)有"成員".關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定有"締約方"，強(qiáng)調(diào)了關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定正式而言是一個(gè)法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定管的是貨物貿(mào)易，世貿(mào)還管服務(wù)貿(mào)易和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿(mào)爭端解決體系較關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定更迅速，更主動(dòng)，其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識(shí)點(diǎn)：
國民待遇——給予外國人和本國人一樣的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
諸邊協(xié)議——指幾個(gè)世貿(mào)成員之間，而非全體成員之間簽署的協(xié)議，如《民用航空器協(xié)議》（ Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft）和《政府采購協(xié)議》 （Agreement on Government Procurement）。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事：
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland （Ireland）GATT 1993-1994; WTO 199
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