初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)15篇[合集]
總結(jié)是對(duì)取得的成績(jī)、存在的問(wèn)題及得到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)等方面情況進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)與描述的一種書(shū)面材料，通過(guò)它可以全面地、系統(tǒng)地了解以往的學(xué)習(xí)和工作情況，為此我們要做好回顧，寫(xiě)好總結(jié)。如何把總結(jié)做到重點(diǎn)突出呢？下面是小編為大家收集的初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，歡迎閱讀，希望大家能夠喜歡。
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初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)1
【—一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法的】一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去確定的時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)或者是在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的'動(dòng)作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。
1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
一般過(guò)去式與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所表示的很相像，但一個(gè)表示過(guò)去，一個(gè)表示的是現(xiàn)在所發(fā)生的。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)2
構(gòu)詞法：英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))
名詞：
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)：
1、專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。
專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。一盒牛奶：
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書(shū))
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如：
2、[注解]：
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
�、� 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
�、� “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：
1、謂語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
�、� 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋(píng)果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚(yú)和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的'巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú);fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))
代詞：
1、代詞的分類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱(chēng)代詞：人稱(chēng)代詞代替人和事物的名稱(chēng),分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)3
感嘆句是表示驚異和喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子。感嘆句通常由what和how開(kāi)頭，句末用感嘆號(hào)，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。How修飾形容詞、副詞或句子;What修飾名詞。
what引起的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是個(gè))多么聰明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(這是個(gè))多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天氣啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它們是)多么漂亮的.花啊!
注意
在感嘆句中，What a/an 常用來(lái)修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，若其前面的形容詞為元音開(kāi)頭，則用an。what
用來(lái)修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。但有些不可數(shù)名詞，如 rain，surprise，breakfast，lunch
等，當(dāng)前面有形容詞修飾，使抽象名詞具體化時(shí)，則要用 what a/an，如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一場(chǎng)雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!這多么令人驚奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么豐盛的一頓早餐啊!
How引起的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!如
How well you look!你氣色真好!
How kind you are!你心腸真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好聽(tīng)!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!這個(gè)男孩多么聰明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how還可以修飾動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成感嘆句，但動(dòng)詞不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成為一名醫(yī)生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都長(zhǎng)這么大啦!
How you've changed!你的變化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有點(diǎn)東西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息傳得多快!人們一定都知道你到城里來(lái)了。
what感嘆句與how感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換
what感嘆句和how感嘆句有時(shí)候可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!這本書(shū)多有趣啊!
沒(méi)有感嘆詞的感嘆句
感嘆句除用what和how引出外，還可有其他許多形式，如可用陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句等表達(dá)感嘆語(yǔ)氣，有時(shí)甚至一個(gè)單詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)也可用作感嘆句。如
Stop talking!不要講話(huà)了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天氣真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!這花園今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速遞】
[上海中考考題] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[廣東中考考題]Tommy，_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山東濟(jì)南中考考題] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK，Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陜西中考考題] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林長(zhǎng)春中考考題] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考題] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案點(diǎn)撥】
答案C 句意Emma在聯(lián)合國(guó)會(huì)議上做了一場(chǎng)非常精彩的演講。由句意可知考查感嘆句;由中心詞speech可知用what
a引起感嘆句，故選C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意湯米，下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽車(chē)可能會(huì)撞著你。由句意可知這里考查祈使句的否定式，故選B。
答案B 句意“現(xiàn)在就穿衣服!十分鐘之內(nèi)我們必須走�！薄昂玫�，媽媽�！庇删湟饪芍@是一個(gè)祈使句，動(dòng)詞要用原形。故選B。
答案D
句意“藍(lán)天救援隊(duì)的志愿者已在山中救出了許多游客�！薄八麄兪嵌嗝磦ゴ蟮娜税�!”由句意可知后句為感嘆句;由感嘆句中的they可知man用復(fù)數(shù)men，且用what引起感嘆句，故選D。
答案B 句意這是多么棒的消息呀!我們下周將有一個(gè)學(xué)校旅行。news是不可數(shù)名詞，用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句，故選B。
答案C 句意“在這次端午節(jié)你看過(guò)龍舟賽了嗎?”“是的。多么精彩的比賽啊!”由句末的復(fù)數(shù)名詞races可知用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句，故選C。
【語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)練 體驗(yàn)中考】
[山東濟(jì)南] — Making paper bottles?Wow，_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西寧] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林長(zhǎng)春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考題] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龍江齊齊哈爾] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黃石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble，and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella，or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龍江綏化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways，Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山東泰安] As we all know，life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重慶考題] — Jack，don't always copy what others do._____ your
head，please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速遞】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)4
一、詞類(lèi)、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：
1、詞類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)分十種：
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如：a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.)： 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。
如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)
5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：()
7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)
3、構(gòu)詞法：英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞：
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)：
1、專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。
專(zhuān)有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱(chēng)。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
�、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
�、芤詅或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如：Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書(shū))
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如：Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如： newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國(guó)的人口).
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]：
�、� ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：
1、和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
�、� 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)
數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting.
(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),
謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋(píng)果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚(yú)和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名 詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的.三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What‘(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如：People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú)；fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))
三、代詞：
1、代詞的分類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他！)
2、賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：Who teach your English this year？(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫(xiě)信)
3、人稱(chēng)代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)？) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱(chēng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如： .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒？) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱(chēng)代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱(chēng)代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It‘s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書(shū))
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如：
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒(méi)有講好)
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)5
規(guī)則變化
范圍 變化規(guī)則 例詞
大部分形容詞 加ly careless----carelessly
quiet----quietly
different----differently
輔音加le結(jié)尾的形容詞 變le為ly possible----possibly
terrible----terribly
comfortable----comfortably
gentle----gently
simple----simply
whole-wholly(例外)
元音字母加le結(jié)尾的形容詞 加ly sole-solely
以y結(jié)尾且讀音為 / i /結(jié)尾的形容詞 變le為ly easy----easily angry----angrily
noisy----noisily happy----happily
heavy----heavily healthy----healthily
以y結(jié)尾且讀音為 / ei /結(jié)尾的的形容詞 加ly shy-shyly
dry-dryly
gay--gayly/gaily
不規(guī)則變化
本身既是形容詞也是副詞，無(wú)需改變 fast----fast
early----early
high----high
hard----hard
late----late
far----far
wide----wide
alone----alone
形容詞和副詞為完全不同的單詞 good----well
初中階段唯一一個(gè)需要去掉字母e的單詞 true----truly
雖然以ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞，不能直接用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞 friendly
lively
lovely
lonely
Likely
有些形容詞本身即為副詞，同時(shí)也有加ly的副詞形式。但加不加ly意思不一樣，使用時(shí)需注意
wide(形容詞，寬闊的，睜大的)----wide(副詞，睜大地)/widely(副詞，廣泛地),late(形容詞，晚的)-----late(副詞，晚地)，lately(最近)
high(形容詞，高的.)----high(副詞，高地)/highly(副詞，高度地)
特別容易犯錯(cuò)的副詞
形容詞 副詞 備注
hard hard hard副詞容易寫(xiě)成hardly, hardly意思為“幾乎不”，與hard無(wú)任何關(guān)系
friendly 無(wú) 不能用friendly直接修飾動(dòng)詞，只能改成in a friendly way“用一種友好的方式”。如：
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
excited excitedly 容易拼錯(cuò)
healthy healthily 容易拼錯(cuò)
polite politely 不用去掉字母e。類(lèi)似的詞還有：widely, nicely, closely,
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)6
在英語(yǔ)中，to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見(jiàn)“to do”結(jié)構(gòu)外，to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽(tīng)過(guò)記憶類(lèi)似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學(xué)習(xí)，卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的含義具體分別如下：
1. 向，對(duì)著(某方向或某處)：He walked to the school.他朝學(xué)校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到，達(dá)(某處)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長(zhǎng)發(fā)垂到地上。
4. 到，達(dá)(某狀態(tài))：He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時(shí)間的'結(jié)尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開(kāi)放時(shí)間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差，離：It is ten to ten. 現(xiàn)在是十點(diǎn)差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對(duì)于，關(guān)于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你對(duì)這個(gè)小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機(jī)與電腦相連。
10. 屬于，歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的關(guān)系)：the key to the door門(mén)的鑰匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對(duì)和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國(guó)以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于，每(表示數(shù)量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰(zhàn)士修建紀(jì)念碑。
15. 伴隨：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂(lè)換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過(guò)去。
17. 適合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是，杰克竟能通過(guò)考試。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對(duì)我而言，對(duì)錯(cuò)都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法，另外，to用作副詞還有“關(guān)著”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 請(qǐng)推門(mén)關(guān)上。
2. to and fro 來(lái)來(lái)回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來(lái)，在房里走來(lái)走去。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)7
代詞是代替名詞或起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)或句子的詞。英語(yǔ)中的代詞，按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞九類(lèi)。
03-3反身代詞
反身代詞的概念與形式
表示“我自己，你自己，他(她、它)自己，我們自己，你們自己，他們自己”的代詞稱(chēng)為反身代詞。第一、二人稱(chēng)是在形容詞性物主代詞后加self或selves構(gòu)成，第三人稱(chēng)是在人稱(chēng)代詞賓格后加self或selves構(gòu)成。
反身代詞用法4注意
(1)反身代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常用在下列動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成固定詞組。enjoy oneself玩得開(kāi)心，過(guò)得愉快;teach oneself自學(xué);hurt
oneself傷著自己;introduce oneself to sb.向某人作自我介紹;dress
oneself給自己穿衣服。反身代詞還可以用在to，for，by，of，like等介詞后作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如
He is talking to himself.他在自言自語(yǔ)。
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必須照顧好自己，保持健康。
She taught herself English.她自學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
(2)反身代詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，起強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的.作用，譯為“本身、本人、親自”等。如
Did you make the cake yourself?這蛋糕是你親自做的嗎?(yourself作主語(yǔ)you的同位語(yǔ))
He himself was a doctor.他本人是個(gè)醫(yī)生。(himself作主語(yǔ)he的同位語(yǔ))
The work itself isn't difficult.那項(xiàng)工作本身并不難。(itself做主語(yǔ)work的同位語(yǔ))
(3)反身代詞用在be，feel，look，seem等連系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。如I'm not myself
today.我今天感覺(jué)不舒服。
He is feeling himself again.他覺(jué)得自己健康如初。
(4)反身代詞還用于一些固定詞組或簡(jiǎn)短會(huì)話(huà)中。如
Help yourself to some meat.請(qǐng)隨便吃些肉吧。
Make yourself at home.別客氣。
注意
反身代詞在句子中要與句子的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致，切不可隨意使用。如He didn't often go to look for food
himself.他自己不經(jīng)常去尋找食物。
【中考速遞】
[吉林中考考題] Last month，I went to the computer museum with my parents.We
enjoyed _____ and learned a lot.
A.us B.ourselves C.our
[四川達(dá)州中考考題] — Would you please come to play soccer with me?
— Sorry!My 5-year-old brother can't look after _____.
A.him B.himself C.his D.he
[四川成都中考考題] It's true that we are not born for _____.
A.us B.ours C.ourselves
[四川成都中考考題] — Liu Mei can speak Japanese so well!Who taught her?
— Nobody.She taught _____.
A.her B.hers C.herself
【答案點(diǎn)撥】
答案B句意“上個(gè)月，我和父母一起去了計(jì)算機(jī)博物館，我們玩得很開(kāi)心還學(xué)到了許多。”enjoy
oneself意為“玩得開(kāi)心;過(guò)得愉快”，故選B。
答案B句意“你能來(lái)和我一起踢足球嗎?”“很抱歉!我五歲的弟弟不能照顧自己�！敝髡Z(yǔ)My 5-year-old
brother與介詞after后的賓語(yǔ)為同一人，用反身代詞himself表示“他自己”。故選B。
答案C句意我們不是為自己而生，這是真的。強(qiáng)調(diào)某人自己，用反身代詞。故選C。
答案C句意“劉梅日語(yǔ)說(shuō)得這么好，誰(shuí)教的她啊?”“沒(méi)人，她自學(xué)的。”teach oneself是固定短語(yǔ)，意為“自學(xué)”，故選C。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)8
冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，也沒(méi)有詞義，它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示“一”的意義，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目觀念，只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者，表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的意思，在可數(shù)的`單復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個(gè)蘋(píng)果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區(qū)別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式，a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開(kāi)頭的詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開(kāi)頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但發(fā)音是[U(]，是輔音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是輔音字母，但它不發(fā)音，它的音標(biāo)是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的用法
①泛指—類(lèi)人或物。
eg. This is a pencil case.
②指不具體的某個(gè)人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
�、塾迷谛驍�(shù)詞前,相當(dāng)于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
�、鼙硎尽懊俊�(個(gè))”,相當(dāng)于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個(gè))澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽(tīng)報(bào)告發(fā)燒過(guò)得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
①不定冠詞—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
�、诋�(dāng)名詞被such, what, many修飾時(shí)，不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
�、郛�(dāng)名詞前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時(shí)，不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
�、墚�(dāng)名詞前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時(shí)，不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)9
一、一般時(shí)態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒(méi)有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句連用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別)
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1)表示將來(lái)打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)幾種替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口語(yǔ)中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于過(guò)渡性動(dòng)詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動(dòng)詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，這是一類(lèi)表示“感覺(jué)，感情，存在，從屬”等的動(dòng)詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺(jué)的詞);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動(dòng)詞);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞)。但是如果它們?cè)~義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為“顯得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“尋找”)
2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示禮貌的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，將放在完成時(shí)態(tài)部分講述。
三、完成時(shí)態(tài)
完成時(shí)態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動(dòng)作。它可分為：
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動(dòng)作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語(yǔ);副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語(yǔ)詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語(yǔ)從句。如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示“過(guò)去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ than +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來(lái)完成時(shí)
將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;也可以用來(lái)表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子;before (the end of ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子;when, after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時(shí)態(tài)一致
時(shí)態(tài)一致是英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。通常應(yīng)由主句謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)。一般原則是：
1、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句的謂語(yǔ)必須使用過(guò)去范圍的時(shí)態(tài)
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當(dāng)從句是表示沒(méi)有時(shí)間概念的真理時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語(yǔ)用了過(guò)去式的各種時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
4、從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情況
利用時(shí)態(tài)一致原則確定從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意，若主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示命令、請(qǐng)求、要求、建議、勸告等的動(dòng)詞，從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，不能遵循時(shí)態(tài)一致原則。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的`一種形式，英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
1.不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)
(1)在英語(yǔ)中，不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞(包括短語(yǔ))容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式
常用的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時(shí)態(tài)形式。
SPAN> 一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過(guò)去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來(lái) shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過(guò)去 should be asked should have been asked
將來(lái) would be asked would have been asked
3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開(kāi)或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
“get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來(lái)表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖�，是主�?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結(jié)婚)
5.能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一次只能由一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)被保留下來(lái)。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)能帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
6.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
7.少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有read(讀起來(lái))，clean(擦起來(lái))，wash(洗起來(lái))，write(寫(xiě)起來(lái))。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)10
【—need】didn't need to do的意思是過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做。而needn't have done則表示過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全：need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didn't need to do表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做。.
needn't have done表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開(kāi)車(chē)去車(chē)站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開(kāi)車(chē)去車(chē)站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒(méi)有遇上John的車(chē)。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意為 "本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時(shí)實(shí)際上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的.事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)11
不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形(如to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài)(如to be written)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外，沒(méi)有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法功能上可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
不定式的用法
1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情況下，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(yǔ)(形式主語(yǔ)it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，即不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，通�？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式作賓語(yǔ)有兩種一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式。
及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的'不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)代(副)詞+不定式這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)代(副)詞有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)動(dòng)詞(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)12
I.要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話(huà)不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。
1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成
如：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反：
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形，表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒(méi)想到以后的事”)
注：
(1)如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如：
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時(shí)間條件句的用法：
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式，應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過(guò)去，主句敘述現(xiàn)在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在，從句敘述過(guò)去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的.比較狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be變were )或had +過(guò)去分詞。”如：
She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒(méi)有病，在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)
2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
(1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) +動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如：It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語(yǔ)從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或"should +動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如：
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)13
常用動(dòng)詞注意事薦
動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)
一、主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況
感觀系動(dòng)詞，look, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste等
eg. The fish tastes nice.
measure, weigh等表示度量的動(dòng)詞。
eg. The elephant weights nearly a ton.
wash, clean, open, sell, read, last, write, steer等不及物動(dòng)詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。eg. The ship steer easily.
二、被動(dòng)句表示主動(dòng)含義。
She was dressed in a red skirt.
此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)于dress, seat, devote, adapt, accustom等后面可以接反身代詞的動(dòng)詞。
二、時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)
用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種情緒。
She is always helping others.(表贊揚(yáng))
The man is always smoking in the office, which offends others very much.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作已完成，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作可能未完成。
He wrote a letter yesterday morning.(信已寫(xiě)完)
He was writing a letter yesterday evening. (信可能還未寫(xiě)完)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)至今，一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
I have lived in this street.(我一直住這條街上)
I lived in this street.(我曾住在這條街上)
表示幾個(gè)連續(xù)動(dòng)作時(shí)，盡管有先后，仍要用相同時(shí)態(tài)。
He came into the classroom, put down the book and wrote a few words on the blackboard.
在條件和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的某件事情常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的事情才用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻/段內(nèi)正發(fā)生的事情，才用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.事情才用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。因此找準(zhǔn)時(shí)間的參照點(diǎn)，是正確運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。
羅列并熟記各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式。
三.動(dòng)詞的類(lèi)別與特征中的注意點(diǎn)
兼作Vt., Vi.的動(dòng)詞
(1)對(duì)兼作Vt., Vi.的動(dòng)詞，要注意根據(jù)不同的情況選擇使用。
The children are flying their kites in the square.( Vt.)
We saw a plane flying high up in the sky.( Vi.)
(2)有些動(dòng)詞后跟從句時(shí)為Vt.，其它情況為Vi.，但意義基本不變。典型的有wonder, think, insist, agree,等。
The headmaster insisted that the students should wear school uniforms .
The headmaster insisted on the students wearing school uniforms.
(3)有些動(dòng)詞在Vt. Vi.之間，意義有所不同。如run, stand, lie等
She stood alone under the tree.
I can’t stand such cold weather.
常用的雙賓動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive, teach, lend, bring, explain, send, offer, pay, sell, buy, tell, show, write, ask, wish, read等，這些動(dòng)詞都帶有一定的趨向性。因此轉(zhuǎn)換成帶介詞的情況時(shí)，�？捎胒or , to來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換。
注意explain sth. to sb.=explain to sb. sth., describe sth. to sb.=describe to sb. sth.
帶賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞，注意賓補(bǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)
賓補(bǔ)常是名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)，副詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有make, have, let, get, keep, find, see, feel, notice等，但要注意不同的動(dòng)詞有不同的接法。
He kept the children (keep不能用不定式作賓補(bǔ))
Make…do, have…do/doing/done，get…to do/done, find…doing/done, leave…to do/doing/介詞短語(yǔ)/ see…doing/do/done
后面常接-ing的動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, mind, need, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, admit, endure, escape, miss, appreciate, dislike, have a good time doing, put off, call off, give up
有些動(dòng)詞后面接to do和-ing時(shí)意義基本相同，而有的則完全不同，要注意
Love, like, hate, forget, remember, stop, begin, start, continue, prefer, regret, intend, mean, want, need, require, neglect, try, deserve, can’t bear等
注意狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的選用
Mother asked the son to notice his manners at the party. (notice就改為mind)
再如listen/hear, look/see, look for/find, advise/persuade, marry/be married, join/be in等。
注意have表“有”時(shí)，及系動(dòng)詞一般不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
注意表示“有”時(shí)，have與there be的選用
注意動(dòng)詞詞組分類(lèi)(見(jiàn))，尤其要注意各類(lèi)動(dòng)詞詞組的使用特點(diǎn)及有的動(dòng)詞詞組的主被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換使用。
Make use of sth→sth is made use of(介詞不要掉了)/use is made of sth.
10.Hope, intend, expect, plan, want, think, mean等動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，計(jì)劃，打算等。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)14
介詞又叫前置詞，在句子中不能單獨(dú)使用，總是與其后面的名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，表達(dá)多種不同的意義。
介詞具有以下3大特點(diǎn)：
1、介詞后面的.詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，被稱(chēng)作介詞賓語(yǔ)。
2、介詞后面的代詞需用賓格形式。
3、介詞后面的動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞形式。
介詞的用法
介詞不能單獨(dú)使用，介詞和介詞的賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)有6種基本用法。
作主語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，位于句子開(kāi)頭。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 2 hours' flight.從上海到北京要飛大約4個(gè)小時(shí)。
注意介詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。
作定語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的詞的后面，作后置定語(yǔ)。
The girl in red is my sister.穿紅衣服的那個(gè)女孩是我妹妹。
作表語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)，放在連系動(dòng)詞的后面。
Our English teacher is in the office .我們的英語(yǔ)老師在辦公室。
She looks like her mother .她看上去像她媽媽。
作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，放在賓語(yǔ)的后面補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣。
I always find her at her studies .我總是發(fā)現(xiàn)她在學(xué)習(xí)。
When she woke up，she found herself in hospital .當(dāng)她醒來(lái)時(shí)，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在醫(yī)院里。
作狀語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，大都位于句末，有時(shí)也位于句子開(kāi)頭，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、目的等。
Can you sing this song in English ?你會(huì)用英語(yǔ)唱這首歌嗎?(方式狀語(yǔ))
I'll meet you at your school gate .我將在你們學(xué)校門(mén)口接你。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
I was playing computer games at eight this morning.今天上午8點(diǎn)我在玩電腦游戲。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
Because of the traffic ，I was late for class.因?yàn)榻煌ㄔ蛭疑险n遲到了。(原因狀語(yǔ))
作插入語(yǔ)
介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ)，位于句首或句中。
He was too careless;in a word ，he made too manymistakes.他太粗心，總之，他出的錯(cuò)太多。
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)15
一.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)：你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：前者為簡(jiǎn)單句，主語(yǔ)只有一個(gè)，而后者為復(fù)合句，主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)，試比較：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉(zhuǎn)換：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級(jí)表示比較級(jí)含義：
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)：約翰是班里最高的'男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來(lái)……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點(diǎn)—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“……(時(shí)間)以后”的意思
after 以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來(lái)一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,主要用來(lái)對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(yǔ)(如once a week等)提問(wèn)?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來(lái)一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過(guò)多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)表示將來(lái)的一段時(shí)間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來(lái)?
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