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語法復(fù)習(xí)十四：非謂語動詞（三）--過去分詞
�。ㄈ┻^去分詞：
1、過去分詞的基本用法：過去分詞只有一種形式，也沒有主動語態(tài)，它所表示的動作是一個被動的或是已完成的動作。過去分詞在句中也可用作定語、表語、賓語或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時，其邏輯主語一般為該分詞所表示的動作的承受者，如：
（1）作定語：過去分詞作定語時，如果這個分詞是一個單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語，就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞，就是該分詞的邏輯主語，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
�。�2）作表語：過去分詞作表語時，表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語就是句中的主語，如：The glass is broken.這個玻璃杯是破的。 注：過去分詞作表語時，和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.這個玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：動詞have后的復(fù)合賓語中，賓語補(bǔ)足語如為過去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動作是由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找別人）把我的自行車給修了。
（4）作狀語：過去分詞作狀語時，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語一般都是主句的主語，是過去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語。為了使作狀語的過去分詞意義更加明確，常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語，是give的邏輯賓語。）
獨(dú)立主格：上述-ing和過去分詞的用法中，-ing和過去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語，但有時它們也能有自己的獨(dú)立的主語，這種獨(dú)立的主語，一般為名詞或代詞，位于其前之前，和-ing或過去分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格在句中一般只作狀語用，而-ing和過去分詞作用的形式，則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的時間關(guān)系而定。至于獨(dú)立主格中是使用-ing或是過去分詞，則要根據(jù)它們的主語和其所表示的動作的主動被動關(guān)系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been�？墒∪ィ纾篢he meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴隨狀語的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)�？捎脀ith短語來代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
2、-ing形式與過去分詞的區(qū)別：
（1）語態(tài)不同：-ing形式表示主動概念，及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說；the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾。
（2）時間關(guān)系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動作，而過去分詞所表示的動作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動作，如：The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界；the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。
練習(xí)、非謂語動詞（三）
1. There is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.
A. Tom was B. Tom's being C. Tom's be D. Tom is
2. The new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.
A. built B. be built C. being built D. to be built
3. "Have you had supper?" "Not yet. The meal_____."
A. are being cooked B. is being cooked C. is cooked D. are cooked
4. "I'm glad ______ you here in the hotel." "It's my great pleasure to have you ______ us."
A. meeting, to B. to have met, with C. having met, among D. to meet, of
5. I'm afraid I can't make myself _____ in English.
A. understanding B. understand C. to be understood D. understood
6. Although in a hurry, Wilson ______.
A. couldn't stop walking B. couldn't help the stranger
C. stopped to help the stranger D. didn't answer the stranger
7. Janet is easy _____.
A. for getting along with B. by getting along with
C. to get along with D. got along with
8. Don't forget ______ the light when you leave.
A. turn off B. to turn off C. turning off D. turned off
9. The mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.
A. understanding what she means B. to understand that she meant
C. to understand what she means D. noticing what she means ,
10. I think this story is _____ .
A. worth being read B. worth reading C. worth to read D. worth of reading
11. This scientist is a man ______ praise.
A. worth to B. worthy to be C. worthy of D. worth
12. I don't want ______ any more trouble, you see?
A. there being B. it to be C. it being D. there to be
13. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.
A. stealing B. missed C. stolen D. to steal
14. Strictly _____, it isn't worth the price you are asking.
A. to speak B. speaking C. speak D. spoken
15. Time ______, they'll come here to watch us ______ football.
A. permitted, playing B. permitted, to play C. permitting, play D.
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