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中考英語詞匯歸類復(fù)習(xí)
一、從用法上復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過語法關(guān)
英語詞匯大多具有本身詞義外,還有其語法功能,我們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)時(shí)就不要把著眼點(diǎn)單純放在單詞記憶上,而 要從它們的語法功能上去把握它們。如在復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)我們就要根據(jù)它們變化形式多、搭配活躍等特點(diǎn),從它們 的用法上進(jìn)行分類記憶。這樣,既可記住詞匯,又可攻克語法難關(guān)。
1.賓語不同,意義也不同
英語中有些動(dòng)詞可同時(shí)后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但意義不同。它們是高考試題的考查重點(diǎn)。這類詞主 要有:
go on doing(繼續(xù)干同一件事) go on to do(接著去干另一件事)
stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下來去干某事)
regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相當(dāng)于be sorry to do)
forget/remember doing(忘記/記得已做過的事) forget/rem-ember to do(忘記/記得要干的事)
mean doing(意味著干…) mean to do(想干…)try doing(嘗試做) try to do(設(shè)法做)
(95高考)"You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.""Well,now I regret_____ ___that."
A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done
(92高考)"I usually go there by train.""Why not____________by boat for a change?"
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
(87高考)They would not allow him_________across the line. A.to risk going B.risking going C.for risk to go D.risk going
2.都可接賓語和賓補(bǔ),形式卻不同
某些動(dòng)詞如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,但接賓補(bǔ)時(shí) ,賓補(bǔ)要用不定式。如: We forbid smoking here.(賓語)We forbid you to smoke here.(賓補(bǔ))You are forbidden to smoke here.(主補(bǔ))
3.賓語不同、語態(tài)不同,意義卻相同
有些詞如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被動(dòng)形式),可接動(dòng)名詞(要用主動(dòng)形式表被 動(dòng)意義),可與worth,worthy一并記憶。兩種形式意義相同。如:The room requires to be cleaned/cleaning.
(85高考)This sentence needs______________. A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved
4.只接不定式作賓語的詞和詞組
只接不定式作賓語的詞和詞組有:decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,happen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如:(89高考)She pretended_______me when I passed by. A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen
5.只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的詞和詞組
只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的詞和詞組:mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,escape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,delay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on),miss,be usedto,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。如:
(92高考)I would appreciate_________back this afternoon.A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.you are calling
(87高考)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed______.A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch
6.系動(dòng)詞
系動(dòng)詞后可用名詞、不定式、分詞和形容詞等作表語,這類詞有:
表感觀的系動(dòng)詞:look,sound,taste,smell,feel,seem,appear(這些詞用形容詞作表語)
表變化的系動(dòng)詞:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run表依舊的'系動(dòng)詞:remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,rest,lie,hold
可帶名詞作表語的系動(dòng)詞:be,become,make,look,sound,fall,prove,remain,turn(該詞后接的單數(shù)名詞前多不用冠詞。如:He turned teacher.)(91高考)These oranges taste____________.A.good B.well C.to be good D.to be well
7.含"被動(dòng)"意味的動(dòng)詞
有些動(dòng)詞,如sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull, clean,add,cook,let(出租)等,它們的主語是事物,且又是表示主語的固有特征和狀態(tài),與行為方式狀語連 用時(shí),要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義:
My pen writes smoothly.我的筆好寫。Oil burns easily.油易燃燒。
(88高考)That suit_________over 60 dollars.A.had costed B.costed C.is cost D.cost
(97高考)"Is this raincoat yours?""No,mine____________there behind the door."A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D.hung
8.具有兩種形式的易混動(dòng)詞
中學(xué)英語教材中有些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有兩種過去式或兩種過去分詞形式,使用或考測時(shí)極易弄混。如:
hang,hanged,hanged(絞死)hang,hung,hung(掛起)
light,lit,lit(點(diǎn)燃,作謂語)light,lighted,lighted(過去分詞作形容詞用時(shí),意謂"燃燒著的",作定語)
drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,飲;過去分詞作形容詞同時(shí),意謂"醉的",drunk多作表語,drunke n多作定語)
sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;過去分詞sunken作形容詞用時(shí),作定語)
bear,bore,born(出生)bear,bore,borne(結(jié)果;生育)The woman,who was born in 1940,has borne five children.
lie(撒謊), lied, lied, lying lie(躺,臥,位于),lay, lain, lying
(89高考)Do you know the boy___________under the big tree? A.lay B.lain C.laying D.lying
二、從搭配上復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過習(xí)語關(guān)
英語詞匯的搭配十分活躍,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)我們要把重點(diǎn)放在某些常用的動(dòng)詞、名詞或介詞、副詞。我們可按下列 方式進(jìn)行對(duì)比歸納。
1.常用的搭配活躍的名詞: 常用的搭配較活躍的名詞有:time,way,moment,means等。如time的搭配短語在中學(xué)教材中出現(xiàn)有:in no time(立刻,馬上),on time(按時(shí)),in time(及時(shí)、遲早、最終),at a time(一次),behind the times(落伍),behind time(不及時(shí),晚點(diǎn)),at one time(曾經(jīng)),for a time(一度),at othe r times(其它時(shí)候,平素),at times(有時(shí)候),at all times(一直,經(jīng)常)
(93高考)If you keep on,you will succeed_____________.A.in time B.at one time C.on time D.at the same time
(94高考)Don't all speak at once!___________,please.A.Each at on time B.One by one time C.One for each time D.One at a time
2.常用的搭配活躍的動(dòng)詞: 常用的搭配活躍的動(dòng)詞有:look,take,make,give,get,have,go,do,turn,put,set,come等。復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)我們要盡量將具有相反意義的介詞、副詞與同一動(dòng)詞的搭配羅列在一起對(duì)比記憶,如turn一詞:turn on(打開),turn off(關(guān)上),turn up(放大音量等;出現(xiàn)),turn down(放小音量等;拒絕) ,turn in(上交),turn against(反對(duì)),turn out(生產(chǎn)),turn away(避開)
(81高考)Would you mind__________your radio a little? A.turn off B.turning off C.to turn down D.turning down
(92高考)Readers can_______quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. A.get over B.get out of C.get away D.get off
3.常用的搭配活躍的介詞、副詞: 搭配活躍的介詞、副詞有:in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),我們要從不同動(dòng) 詞、名詞等與同一介詞、副詞搭配進(jìn)行逐一過關(guān),如on的搭配有:
、賝n與動(dòng)詞的搭配: get on(上車/船等),live on(以…為生),feed on(以…為生),take on(接受;雇用),turn on(打開開關(guān)/電器等),look on(旁觀),spy on(偵察/窺探),call on(號(hào)召;拜訪),go on(繼續(xù) ),have on(穿戴),dependon(依靠),wait on(侍候),carry on(執(zhí)行),hold on(堅(jiān)持),insi st on(堅(jiān)持),play tr-icks on(戲弄),fix on(注視),impress on(留下印象)
、趏n與名詞搭配(注意冠詞的取舍):on duty(值班),on business(因公;因事),on fire(燃燒),on show(展覽),on time(準(zhǔn)時(shí)) ,on strike(罷工),on watch(監(jiān)視,觀察),on sale(出售;大減價(jià)),on earth(到底,究竟),on journey(旅游),on foot(步行),on purpose(故意),on the way(在路上),on the contrary(相 反),on one hand(一方面),on the right(在右邊),on the whole(總而言之),on one's own(獨(dú)自 ),on one's side(支持,站在某一方),on holiday/leave(度假/請(qǐng)假)
、燮渌闆r:later on(后來),from now/then on(從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起),on account of(由于,因?yàn)?
(93高考)We offered him our congratulations_______his passing the college entrance exams. A.at B.on C.for D.of
(91高考)A new school was___________in the village last year. A.held up B.set up C.sent up D.brought up
三、從對(duì)比詞/詞組的同義、詞序或結(jié)構(gòu)等復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過辨析關(guān)
1.動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞和結(jié)果動(dòng)詞: 英語中有些動(dòng)詞雖然意義相同,但用法不同,有的表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作,而另一個(gè)則表示該動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果, 這類動(dòng)詞常見的有:look for(尋找),find(找到);look(看),see(看見);listen(聽),hear(聽到);try(試 圖,不說明是否成功),manage(設(shè)法,側(cè)重做到);advise(勸告,不說明是否勸成),persuade(勸服,
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